Today Ms. Lesley is taking issue with jargon used by certain people, suggesting that this jargon is an indicator of heresy. However, all Christians use jargon. It's just that Ms. Lesley doesn't like these people for their jargon because she doesn't like their doctrines. It's really a superficial and trite reason, grounded in a pre-existent dislike.
Mountain Man Trails
I’m the enemy, ’cause I like to think; I like to read. I’m into freedom of speech and freedom of choice. I’m the kind of guy who likes to sit in a greasy spoon and wonder, “Gee, should I have the T-bone steak or the jumbo rack of barbecued ribs with the side order of gravy fries?” ...Why? Because I suddenly might feel the need to, okay, pal? -Edgar Friendly, character in Demolition Man (1993).
Disclaimer: Some postings contain other author's material. All such material is used here for fair use and discussion purposes.
Friday, February 27, 2026
Top 10 NAR* and Seeker-Driven Buzzwords - by Michelle Lesley
Today Ms. Lesley is taking issue with jargon used by certain people, suggesting that this jargon is an indicator of heresy. However, all Christians use jargon. It's just that Ms. Lesley doesn't like these people for their jargon because she doesn't like their doctrines. It's really a superficial and trite reason, grounded in a pre-existent dislike.
Thursday, February 26, 2026
Guide to the Kings and Prophets of Israel and Judah [Chart] - by Jacob Edson
Some years ago, a Bible Gateway-associated blogger named Craig T. Owens created a detailed chart of all of the kings and prophets of the united and divided kingdoms of Judah and Israel mentioned in the books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles. It’s remained one of our most popular posts ever since.
It’s easy to see why. When I was researching my article on chronological ordering of the Bible, navigating the timeline of these books was by far the most complicated part. (You’ll notice, if you review that post, that I decided to simplify the task: while I did put the books and prophets in chronological order, I grouped them by United Kingdom, Divided Kingdom, and Exile rather than match them up verse-for-verse.)
Owens did the work, though, breaking down the complete timeline into incredible detail. Here’s what he had to say about it:
One challenging point in history is the divided kingdoms of Israel (the 10 northern tribes) and Judah (the 2 southern tribes). What makes it challenging when reading straight through the Bible [in chronological order] is that the history is covered in 1 and 2 Kings and then again in 1 and 2 Chronicles. In the midst of these kingdoms, several prophets are sent by God. Some of these prophets only have their words recorded in Kings or Chronicles, while others have their words recorded elsewhere in the Bible (usually the book name is the prophet’s name).
In trying to keep all of these people and messages clear in my mind, I have put together a list of all the kings and prophets during the period of the divided kingdom (roughly 931-586 BC).
In honor of the seventh anniversary of the completed form of Owens’ chart, I decided to republish it and break it down into a heavily expanded text format as another way to digest the information.
First, I’ll share the chart again, which packs a ton of information into a super-compact graphic. Then I’ll go through and expand on some of the information, and provide links to the relevant passages.
Note that all dates are approximate and contested due to the lack of a consistent calendar during this time (as throughout the ancient world).
First, the chart itself:

Got all that? Now, let’s dig in.
The United Kingdom, ca. 1050-930 BC
This was the “golden age” of the Israelite’s presence in the holy land throughout the Old Testament. It began with Saul establishing his kingdom after being anointed by the prophet Samuel, progressed through his army captain David’s ascension to the throne (also with Samuel’s blessing), and then through David’s son Solomon’s inheritance and consolidation of the kingdom.
Saul (r. 1050-1010) Prophet: Samuel
Scripture: 1 Samuel 8-31, 1 Chronicles 9-10
Summary: Marked by early divine favor and public support, Saul later fell into offering pagan sacrifices and failure to uphold God’s commands, leading God to turn his favor away from Saul’s line and toward Saul’s captain, David.
David (r. 1010-970) Prophets: Samuel and Nathan
Scripture: 1 Sam 16-31, 2 Sam 1-24, 1 Kings 1-2, 1 Chron 11-29
Associated works: David is listed as the author of 73 of the Psalms, and probably wrote more.
Summary: Religiously devout and militarily successful, David enjoyed God’s favor throughout most of his life (with the clear exception of his actions toward Bathsheba and Uriah). His conquests established Israel’s empire as a unified power across the region. It was David’s wish to build God’s temple, but God denied him on account of the blood he had spilled.
Solomon (r. 970-930) Prophet: Nathan
Scripture: 1 Kings 1-11, 2 Chron 1-9
Associated works: Solomon is credited with the books of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song bearing his name, as well as 2 (and possibly more) of the Psalms.
Summary: Famously wise and devoted — it was he who built the temple in Jerusalem, among many other great buildings — Solomon nevertheless besmirched his name through marriages to pagan women and sacrifices to their deities. Because of this, at the end of his reign, God saw fit to divide the kingdom.
The Divided Kingdom, ca. 931-586 BC
Before Solomon’s death, his servant Jeroboam rebelled. Though the rebellion itself was a failure, Jeroboam returned after Solomon’s death, when Solomon’s son Rehoboam reigned, and laid claim to the northern kingdom of Israel. The smaller southern kingdom of Judah (which included Jerusalem) remained under Rehoboam. So began the period of the divided kingdom.
Kingdom of Judah (Southern Kingdom)
Rehoboam (r. 931-913) Claim: Son of Solomon
Prophet: Shemaiah
Scripture: 1 Kings 12 & 14, 2 Chron 10-12
Notable for: Dividing the kingdom
Evil or good? Evil (he “did what was evil in the sight of the Lord”)
Abijah (r. 913-911) Claim: Son of Rehoboam
Prophet: Shemaiah
Scripture: 1 Kings 15, 2 Chron 13
Notable for: War with Jeroboam I
Evil or good? Evil (he “committed all the sins that his father did before him”)
Asa (r. 911-870) Claim: Son of Abijah
Prophet: Shemaiah and Hanani
Scripture: 1 Kings 15, 2 Chron 14-16
Notable for: Being a good and devout king
Evil or good? Good (he “did what was right in the sight of the Lord”)
Jehoshaphat (r. 870-848) Claim: Son of Asa
Prophet: Micaiah
Scripture: 1 Kings 22, 2 Chron 17-20
Notable for: Making peace with Israel
Evil or good? Good
Jehoram (r. 848-841) Claim: Son of Jehoshaphat
Prophet: None
Scripture: 2 Kings 8, 2 Chron 21
Notable for: Marries the daughter of Ahab of Israel, bringing their idolatry to Judah and drawing plague upon them
Evil or good? Evil
Ahaziah (r. 841)
Claim: Son of Jehoram
Prophet: None
Scripture: 2 Kings 8-9, 2 Chron 22
Notable for: Idolatry, and ruling less than a year
Evil or good? Evil
Athaliah (r. 841-835) Claim: Mother of Ahaziah
Prophet: None
Scripture: 2 Kings 11, 2 Chron 22-23
Notable for: Being the only woman to rule; also, attempting to kill all her grandchildren
Evil or good? Evil
Jehoash/Joash (r. 835-796) Claim: Son of Ahaziah (grandson of Athaliah)
Prophet: Joel(?) [Note: Joel is notoriously difficult to place, and could be nearly any time before or after Exile.]
Scripture: 2 Kings 11-12, 2 Chron 23-24
Notable for: A long reign beginning at age 7; returned worship to the temple and defeated the Aramaeans but did not depart from idolatry; murdered by his servants
Evil or good? Mixed
Amaziah (r. 796-767) Claim: Son of Joash
Scripture: 2 Kings 14, 2 Chron 25
Notable for: Reigned long but suffered humiliating defeat after provoking Israel to war; later a victim of a conspiracy for the throne
Evil or good? Mixed
Uzziah (aka Azariah) (r. 767-748) Claim: Son of Amaziah
Scripture: 2 Kings 15, 2 Chron 26
Notable for: Very long reign hampered by leprosy
Evil or good? Pretty good
Jotham (r. 748-732) Claim: Son of Azariah
Scripture: 2 Kings 15, 2 Chron 27
Notable for: Not much; he was a good king but failed to stop idolatry
Evil or good? Good
Ahaz (r. 732-716) Claim: Son of Jotham
Scripture: 2 Kings 16, 2 Chron 28, Isaiah 7
Notable for: Pagan practices, including child sacrifice; becoming vassal state to Assyria
Evil or good? Super evil
Hezekiah (r. 716-687) Claim: Son of Ahaz
Scripture: 2 Kings 18-20, 2 Chron 29-32, Isaiah 36-39
Notable for: First king of Judah to “remove the high places” and stop idolatry; rebelled against Assyria and regained independence
Evil or good? Very good (“the Lord was with him; wherever he went, he prospered”)
Manasseh (r.687-642) Claim: Son of Hezekiah
Scripture: 2 Kings 21, 2 Chron 33
Notable for: Very long reign that brought idolatry back to Judah, including child sacrifice; shed “much innocent blood.” But he repented late in life after God rescued him from imprisonment in Babylon and tried to stop the idolatry.
Evil or good? Very evil (he “misled them to do more evil than the nations had done that the Lord destroyed before the people of Israel”), but he ended on a good note
Amon (r.642-640) Claim: Son of Manasseh
Scripture: 2 Kings 21, 2 Chron 33
Notable for: Returned to his father’s earlier idolatry; killed by his servants
Evil or good? Evil
Josiah (r. 640-608) Claim: Son of Amon
Prophet: Huldah, Zephaniah, Habakkuk, Jeremiah
Scripture: 2 Kings 22-23, 2 Chron 34-35
Notable for: Ending idolatry and bringing back the Law; died in battle against Egypt; last king before exile
Evil or good? Very good (cf. 2 Kings 23:24)
Jehoahaz (r. 608) Claim: Son of Josiah
Prophet: Jeremiah, Lamentations
Scripture: 2 Kings 23, 2 Chron 36
Notable for: Reigned three months before he was supplanted and captured by Pharaoh Neco of Egypt
Evil or good? Evil
Jehoiakim (r. 608-597) Claim: Son of Josiah, brother of Jehoahaz
Scripture: 2 Kings 23-24, 2 Chron 36
Notable for: Rebelled (very unsuccessfully) against King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon
Evil or good? Mostly evil
Jehoiachin (r. 597) Claim: Son of Jehoiakim
Scripture: 2 Kings 24-25, 2 Chron 36
Notable for: Reigned for three months before surrendering to King Nebuchadnezzar
Evil or good? Evil
Zedekiah (r. 597-586) Claim: Son of Josiah (Jehoiachin’s uncle)
Scripture: 2 Kings 24-25, 2 Chron 36
Notable for: Rebelled against Babylon, leading to the sack and destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon’s temple
Evil or good? Evil
BABYLONIAN EXILE (586-450)
Jeroboam I (r. 931-910) Claim: Solomon’s servant
Prophet: Ahijah
Scripture: 1 Kings 12-14, 2 Chron 10
Notable for: Seceding from Judah and dividing the kingdom; worshiping golden calves
Evil or good? Evil (he “there was no one who followed the house of David except the tribe of Judah alone”; i.e., not Israel)
Nadab (r. 910-909) Claim: Son of Jeroboam
Prophet: None
Scripture: 1 Kings 15
Notable for: Not much; killed by countryman during siege of Gibbethon
Evil or good? Evil (he “did what was evil in the sight of the Lord”)
Baasha (r. 909-886) Claim: Usurper
Prophet: Jehu
Scripture: 1 Kings 15-16
Notable for: Assassinating Nadab, destroying the house of Jeroboam
Evil or good? Evil
Elah (r. 886-885) Claim: Son of Baasha
Prophet: None
Scripture: 1 Kings 16
Notable for: Drinking too much and getting murdered by his servant
Evil or good? Evil
Zimri (r. 885) Claim: Elah’s servant (“commander of half his chariots”)
Scripture: 1 Kings 16
Notable for: Shortest reign in the book (seven days); burnt himself alive
Evil or good? Evil
Omri (r. 885-874) Claim: Commander of the army
Scripture: 1 Kings 16
Notable for: Seized power after crisis of succession and moved capital to Samaria
Evil or good? Evil (he “did more evil than all who were before him”)
Ahab (r. 874-853) Claim: Son of Omri
Scripture: 1 Kings 16-22, 2 Chron 18
Notable for: Marrying Jezebel, worshiping Baal, and getting into conflict with numerous prophets
Evil or good? Very evil (“did evil in the sight of the Lord more than all who were before him”)
Ahaziah (r. 853-852) Claim: Son of Ahab
Scripture: 1 Kings 22, 2 Kings 1
Notable for: Not much; continued in his father’s way
Evil or good? Evil
Jehoram/Joram (r. 852-841) Claim: Son of Ahab (Ahaziah’s brother)
Scripture: 2 Kings 1,9
Notable for: Removed the pillar to Baal that his father had made; war with various neighbors
Evil or good? Slightly less evil
Jehu (r. 841-814) Claim: Military commander in Joram’s army; anointed by Elisha
Prophet: Elisha
Scripture: 2 Kings 9-10
Notable for: Slaughtered Joram, Jezebel, all of Ahab’s descendants, and all priests and worshipers of Baal; smashed Baal’s temple; but kept the golden calves
Evil or good? Neutral
Jehoahaz (r. 814-798) Claim: Son of Jehu
Prophet: Elisha
Scripture: 2 Kings 13
Notable for: Humiliating defeat in battle against Aram
Evil or good? Evil
Jehoash (r. 798-782) Claim: Son of Jehoahaz
Scripture: 2 Kings 13-14
Notable for: Recovering land from Aram
Evil or good? Evil
Jeroboam II (r. 782-753) Claim: Son of Jehoash
Scripture: 2 Kings 14
Notable for: Long rule; restored Israel’s borders
Evil or good? Evil
Zechariah (r. 753-752) Claim: Son of Jeroboam II
Scripture: 2 Kings 15
Notable for: Killed by Shallum, ending Jehu’s dynasty
Evil or good? Evil
Shallum (r. 752) Claim: None (usurper)
Scripture: 2 Kings 15
Notable for: Killed by Menahem, who sacked the region of Tiphsah
Evil or good? Evil
Menahem (r. 752-742) Claim: None (usurper)
Scripture: 2 Kings 15
Notable for: Taxed the wealthy of Israel to successfully pay off Assyrian invaders
Evil or good? Evil
Pekahiah (r. 742-740) Claim: Son of Menahem
Scripture: 2 Kings 15
Notable for: Killed by his captain
Evil or good? Evil
Pekah (r. 752-733) Claim: Pekahiah’s army captain
Scripture: 2 Kings 15
Notable for: Lost much of his territory to King Tiglath-pileser of Assyria
Evil or good? Evil
Hoshea (r. 732-722) Claim: None (usurper)
Scripture: 2 Kings 17
Notable for: Entered vassalage to Assyria, but double-crossed King Shalmaneser and so was imprisoned, leading to the capture of Israel and the Babylonian exile
Evil or good? Evil
BABYLONIAN EXILE (722-450)
Several prophets wrote from exile in Babylon:Nahum (fl. 615 BC)
Ezekiel (d. 570 BC)
Daniel (ca. 500s BC)
Conclusion: Sorting Through the Kings and Prophets
I hope this guide and chart help you to sort through the bewildering array of very similar names between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the books of 1 and 2 Kings — and help you to better understand the history of God’s chosen people as recorded in Scripture. Now, next time someone asks you who your favorite king of Judah was, you’ll have an answer ready.
Wednesday, February 25, 2026
The Mailbag: Communion Questions - by Michelle Lesley
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Ms. Lesley didn't write this article to explain the Bible, she's here to explain her tradition and church practice. Her objective is to further parse what women are allowed to do in a church service. This is a frequent practice of Ms. Lesley, to micro-analyze gender roles to make sure women keep their place, all based on
1 Timothy 2:12 I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent.
If we don't recognize the Body we eat and drink judgment upon ourselves. If we eat and exclude, diminish, or dishonor our brothers and sisters, we tear down the Body. It isn't about considering the state of our own souls in relation to unconfessed sin, it is instead about our regard for both Jesus' sacrifice and our care and honor for the Body.
Tuesday, February 24, 2026
Should We Forgive Apart from Repentance? What Jesus Expects of the Wronged - by Matt Ferguson
The author examines a relatively simply proposition, but expends over 3400 words to do so. This is not counting the 26 footnotes, which themselves comprise an additional 1400+ words.
John MacArthur: "There are times when forgiveness should be unconditional and unilateral, and there are other times when forgiveness must be withheld until the offender repents. The biblical principles governing these different kinds of forgiveness are clear."
Monday, February 23, 2026
John 3:16 in context - by Mike Ratliff
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Mr. Ratliff is here to teach his Calvinism, not the Bible. That's what Calvinists do. Over and over. They will go to great lengths to insert their Calvinism at every opportunity.
- Total Depravity
- Unconditional Election
- Limited Atonement
- Irresistible Grace
- Perseverance of the Saints
Friday, February 20, 2026
Justification: Union by Imputation - by Michael Schultz
- The Father did not impute our sins to Jesus. Jesus' blood washed them away (Ep. 1:7). We discuss imputation here.
- Jesus did not impute His righteousness to us, He made us righteous by faith (Ro. 1:17).
- The Father did not punish Jesus. Jesus' blood was enough, so there is no reason to additionally punish Jesus (Ep. 2:13). See our explanation here.
- Sin is not a debt we owe. Jesus did not pay for our sin debt, He paid for us (1Co. 6:20) We discuss this here.
- Jesus' obedience through suffering, though prophesied, does not come to bear on our salvation. It is His death on the cross that is effectual (Ph. 2:8). We discuss Jesus' suffering here.
Thursday, February 19, 2026
Cut to the Chase: Discerning “Experiencing God” by Blackaby & King - By Elizabeth Prata
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"Why was 'Experiencing God' so damaging," Ms. Prata asks. Indeed, why? Specifically, what was damaged, and why is it so concerning? What is the great peril caused by this book? We hope Ms. Prata will answer. From the Bible.
- Normalizing hearing from God
- Believing we can see where God is working
- That we can come to know God through our own, self-interpreted experiences
Wednesday, February 18, 2026
Pastors, Don’t Forget to Shepherd Your Deacons - by Gus Pritchard
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This is an extremely frustrating presentation, for the author separates elders from pastors, then treats them as synonymous, then elevates pastors to the top of the church pyramid.
Tuesday, February 17, 2026
Bad worship songs - So Be It, by Mutendji, Wong, Furtick, Hudson
From time to to we examine the lyrics of worship songs. Our desire is not to mock or humiliate, but rather to honestly examine content with a view to calling forth a better worship expression.
With the great volume and variety of worship music available, none of us should have to settle for bad worship songs. We should be able to select hundreds or even thousands of top notch songs very easily.What makes a song a worship song? Is it enough to contain words like God or holy? How about vaguely spiritual sounding phrases? Should Jesus be mentioned?
We think an excellent worship song should contain the following elements:
- A direct expression of adoration (God, you are...)
- A progression of ideas that culminates in a coherent story
- A focus on God, not us
- Lyrics that do not create uncertainty or cause confusion
- A certain amount of profundity
- A singable, interesting melody
- Allusions to Scripture
- Doctrinal soundness
- Not excessively metaphorical
- Not excessively repetitive
- Jesus is not your boyfriend
Monday, February 16, 2026
Church Staff Belong in Two Buckets: Elder-Qualified or Deacon-Qualified - by Jonathan Leeman
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The author wants church leadership defined in a certain way, but never makes his case from the Bible. He does quote a handful of Scriptures, but they do not bolster the author's position.
Friday, February 13, 2026
The Gospel’s Bookends: Wrath and Love - By Elizabeth Prata
"The reason He sent Jesus is to rescue us…from His wrath.""The Lord will punish the sins of His people in due time."
1Th. 1:10 and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead — Jesus, who rescues us from the coming wrath.
Thursday, February 12, 2026
American Conservatives Are Disgusting Frauds - by Caitlin Johnstone
We've examined Ms. Johnstone in our blog before (Here, here, and here). She is reliably doctrinaire Left, and she is the worst kind: A producer of substanceless screeds designed only to gin up hatred. She provides absolutely no specifics, documentation, or identifies any conservative. That's because she's not writing to inform or explain. She's here to inflame, to demonize and isolate an imaginary target. This is what Leftists do.
Wednesday, February 11, 2026
Dumb Will Do: Why Satan Doesn’t Need Heresy - by Tim Challies
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Tuesday, February 10, 2026
Why Isaiah and Jesus Sound Like Marx (Again) - By Mike Rivage-Seu
We have had one previous opportunity to examine this author, and he did not fair well.
He pretends to be a sober commentator on religious matters, cloaking his presentation in Scripture references and a scholarly veneer. But in actual fact he is a political leftist who interprets the Bible and Jesus through a progressive lens. This of course creates all sorts of problem, since Jesus was in no way a Socialist.
We need to be clear about the reason the author writes: He did not write to explain, clarify, or provide information about Jesus or Christianity. His purpose is to reinforce The Narrative. The Narrative is the leftist talking points disseminated all over the media landscape. They become sacred truth through endless repetition and withering criticism directed towards those who disagree.
Monday, February 9, 2026
Bozeman's Democratic Socialists of America chapter works to fill gap in community food resources - Bozeman Chronicle
Friday, February 6, 2026
Did God Need to Kill His Own Son? - by Cory Brock
The author spouts boilerplate Calvinist/Reformist doctrines with facility as if they were self-evident truth. But he never actually explains them. In fact, we're not entirely sure why he mentions some of them, because they don't really come to bear on the question asked in the title.
We explain the sacrificial death of Jesus in detail here.
Thursday, February 5, 2026
Finding Satan: The Origins of the Evil One - by J. Gary Millar
C.S. Lewis wrote, "There are two equal and opposite errors into which our race can fall about the devils. One is to disbelieve in their existence. The other is to believe, and to feel an excessive and unhealthy interest in them." This is true, which is why the topic of Satan's origins should be approached carefully. We don't really want to talk about Satan when we can declare the glories of God instead. But in recent times Satan has actually been portrayed as a sympathetic character, misunderstood and even persecuted unjustly. So we think the author does well to remind us of the unrighteous being Satan is.
Luke 4:5-6 The devil led him up to a high place and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world. 6 And he said to him, “I will give you all their authority and splendor, for it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to.
Luke 10:18 He replied, “I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven.
The fifth angel sounded his trumpet, and I saw a star that had fallen from the sky to the earth. The star was given the key to the shaft of the Abyss.
2 Peter 2:11 yet even angels, although they are stronger and more powerful, do not bring slanderous accusations against such beings in the presence of the Lord.
2Co. 11:14 And no wonder, for Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light.
Wednesday, February 4, 2026
The Greatest Theological Statement Ever Written? Nine Observations About John 1:14 - by Mitch Chase
On the whole, this is a good presentation. The author takes a familiar verse and reawakens our wonder at the glory of God expressed through His Son.
Tuesday, February 3, 2026
Meme: "The United States will not let men steal trophies from women"
A Leftist FB friend posted this bit of idiocy:
The simple and obvious response is that María Corina Machado gave her peace prize to President Trump to honor him.
Weight lifter Avi Silverberg:
Monday, February 2, 2026
If God Is Sovereign, Why Bother to Share Your Faith? - by Timothy Z. Witmer
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The author is a Calvinist, so he believes in a set of peculiar doctrines known as TULIP:
- Total Depravity
- Unconditional Election
- Limited Atonement
- Irresistible Grace
- Perseverance of the Saints